Raising expectations: automating expected cost analysis with types

Raising expectations for subunit vaccine.

Multidose regimens are recommended for all prophylactic subunit vaccines. Recent findings from clinical trials of an human papillomavirus virus-like particle vaccine suggest that it may be possible to develop effective single-dose subunit vaccines. The broad implications of these findings are discussed, and the importance of antigen structure and adjuvant in achieving this goal is considered. I...

Interleukin (IL)-35 is raising our expectations.

PURPOSE To elucidate and discuss the role of IL-35 in immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in autoimmunity in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties, we highlight significant findings on this novel member of the IL-12 family. METHODS Studies using genetically deficient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of IL-35. On the basis of data derived fr...

Small RNAs are raising big expectations.

F ive years ago there were little more than 200 known microRNAs (miRNAs) — small regulatory nucleic acids that bind to complementary sites on mRNAs and prevent their translation into protein. Today, that number has swelled to more than 700 and counting. The explosion in knowledge about these small, noncoding RNAs, which appear to be evolutionarily ancient but were discovered less than two decad...

Expectations of Returns and Expected Returns

We analyze time series of investor expectations of future stock market returns from six data sources between 1963 and 2011. The six measures of expectations are highly positively correlated with each other, as well as with past stock returns and with the level of the stock market. However, investor expectations are strongly negatively correlated with model-based expected returns. The evidence i...

On Time with Minimal Expected Cost!